Umbuzo wokuthi ngabe i-SARS-CoV-2 idluliselwa kakhulu ngamaconsi noma ama-aerosol ube yimpikiswano enkulu. Sifune ukuchaza le mpikiswano ngokuhlaziya umlando wocwaningo lokudluliselwa kwezinye izifo. Esikhathini esiningi somlando wesintu, umbono oyinhloko kwakuwukuthi izifo eziningi zazithwalwa umoya, ngokuvamile emabangeni amade nangendlela engaqondakali. Lo mbono we-miasmatic waphikiswa maphakathi nekhulu le-19 ngokuvela kombono wamagciwane, futhi njengoba izifo ezifana nekholera, umkhuhlane we-puerperal, kanye nomalaleveva kwatholakala ukuthi zidluliselwa ngezinye izindlela. Eshukunyiswa yimibono yakhe ngokubaluleka kokutheleleka kokuxhumana/amaconsi, kanye nokumelana akuthola ngenxa yethonya elisele lombono we-miasma, isikhulu sezempilo yomphakathi esidumile uCharles Chapin ngo-1910 sasiza ekuqaliseni ushintsho lombono oluphumelelayo, sabona ukudluliselwa emoyeni kungenakwenzeka. Lo mbono omusha waba ngowokugqama. Kodwa-ke, ukungaqondi kahle ama-aerosol kwaholela emaphutheni ahlelekile ekuchazeni ubufakazi bocwaningo ezindleleni zokudlulisela. Emashumini amahlanu eminyaka alandela, ukudluliselwa emoyeni kwakubhekwa njengokungabalulekile noma okungabalulekile kuzo zonke izifo ezinkulu zokuphefumula, kwaze kwaba yilapho kubonakaliswa ukudluliselwa kofuba emoyeni (okwakucatshangwa ngephutha ukuthi kudluliselwa ngamaconsi) ngo-1962. I-contact/droplet paradigm yaqhubeka ibusa, futhi zimbalwa izifo ezamukelwa kabanzi njengezihamba emoyeni ngaphambi kwe-COVID-19: lezo ezazidluliselwa ngokusobala kubantu ababengekho egumbini elilodwa. Ukusheshiswa kocwaningo oluhlanganisa imikhakha eyahlukahlukene oluphefumulelwe ubhubhane lwe-COVID-19 kukhombisile ukuthi ukudluliselwa emoyeni kuyindlela enkulu yokudlulisela lesi sifo, futhi kungenzeka kube yinto ebalulekile ezifweni eziningi ezithathelwanayo zokuphefumula.
Imiphumela Ewusizo
Kusukela ekuqaleni kwekhulu lama-20, kube nokuphikiswa kokwamukela ukuthi izifo zidluliselwa emoyeni, okwakulimaza kakhulu ngesikhathi sobhubhane lwe-COVID-19. Isizathu esiyinhloko salokhu kuphikiswa sisemlandweni wokuqonda kwesayensi ukudluliswa kwezifo: Ukudluliswa emoyeni kwakucatshangwa ukuthi kunamandla phakathi nengxenye enkulu yomlando wesintu, kodwa i-pendulum yashintsha kakhulu ekuqaleni kwekhulu lama-20. Sekungamashumi eminyaka kungekho sifo esibalulekile esasicatshangwa ukuthi sisemoyeni. Ngokucacisa lo mlando kanye namaphutha asekelwe kuwo asaqhubeka, sithemba ukuthi sizokwenza kube lula ukuthuthuka kulo mkhakha esikhathini esizayo.
Ubhubhane lwe-COVID-19 lushukumise impikiswano ejulile ngezindlela zokudluliswa kwegciwane le-SARS-CoV-2, okubandakanya izindlela ezintathu ikakhulukazi: Okokuqala, umthelela wamaconsi “e-sprayborne” emehlweni, emakhaleni, noma emlonyeni, awela phansi eduze komuntu onegciwane. Okwesibili, ngokuthinta, kungaba ngokuthintana ngqo nomuntu onegciwane, noma ngokungaqondile ngokuthinta indawo engcolile (“fomite”) kulandelwe ukuzigomela ngokuthinta ingaphakathi lamehlo, impumulo, noma umlomo. Okwesithathu, lapho kuhogela ama-aerosol, amanye awo angahlala emoyeni amahora amaningi (“ukudluliselwa emoyeni”).1,2
Izinhlangano zezempilo zomphakathi ezihlanganisa ne-World Health Organization (WHO) ekuqaleni zamemezela ukuthi leli gciwane lidluliselwa ngamaconsi amakhulu awela phansi eduze komuntu onegciwane, kanye nangokuthinta izindawo ezingcolisiwe. I-WHO yamemezela ngokugcizelela ngoMashi 28, 2020, ukuthi i-SARS-CoV-2 yayingekho emoyeni (ngaphandle kwesimo "sezinqubo zezokwelapha ezikhiqiza i-aerosol") nokuthi "kwakuwulwazi olungalungile" ukusho okuhlukile.3Lesi seluleko sasiphikisana nesososayensi abaningi abathi ukudluliselwa emoyeni cishe kungaba nomthelela omkhulu. Isib. I-Ref.4-9Ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, i-WHO yathamba kancane kancane lesi simo: okokuqala, ivuma ukuthi ukudluliselwa emoyeni kungenzeka kodwa akunakwenzeka;10bese kuthi, ngaphandle kwencazelo, kukhuthazwe indima yokungenisa umoya ngoNovemba 2020 ukulawula ukusabalala kwegciwane (okuwusizo kuphela ekulawuleni amagciwane aphuma emoyeni);11wabe esememezela ngo-Ephreli 30, 2021, ukuthi ukudluliselwa kwe-SARS-CoV-2 ngama-aerosols kubalulekile (ngenkathi kungasebenzisi igama elithi “airborne”).12Nakuba isikhulu esiphezulu se-WHO sivumile engxoxweni nabezindaba ngaleso sikhathi ukuthi “isizathu sokuthi sikhuthaze ukuphefumula ukuthi leli gciwane lingangena emoyeni,” baphinde bathi bayakugwema ukusebenzisa igama elithi “ukugeleza emoyeni.”13Ekugcineni ngoDisemba 2021, i-WHO ibuyekeze ikhasi elilodwa kwiwebhusayithi yayo ukuze isho ngokusobala ukuthi ukudluliselwa emoyeni okufushane nokude kubalulekile, kuyilapho ikwenza kucace ukuthi “ukudluliselwa kwe-aerosol” kanye “nokudluliselwa emoyeni” kuyizimpawu ezifanayo.14Kodwa-ke, ngaphandle kwalelo khasi lewebhu, incazelo yegciwane “njengendiza” isalokhu ingekho nhlobo ekuxhumaneni komphakathi kwe-WHO kusukela ngoMashi 2022.
Izikhungo Zokulawula Nokuvimbela Izifo (CDC) e-United States zilandele indlela efanayo: okokuqala, zisho ukubaluleka kokudluliselwa kwamaconsi; kwabe sekuthi, ngoSepthemba 2020, zathumela kafushane kuwebhusayithi yazo ukwamukelwa kokudluliselwa emoyeni okwasuswa ezinsukwini ezintathu kamuva;15futhi ekugcineni, ngoMeyi 7, 2021, bevuma ukuthi ukuhogela i-aerosol kubalulekile ekudluliseleni.16Kodwa-ke, i-CDC ivame ukusebenzisa igama elithi “iconsi lokuphefumula,” ngokuvamile elihlotshaniswa namaconsi amakhulu awela phansi ngokushesha,17ukubhekisela kuma-aerosol,18ukudala ukudideka okukhulu.19Ayikho inhlangano egqamise izinguquko ezingqungqutheleni zabezindaba noma emikhankasweni emikhulu yokuxhumana.20Ngesikhathi lezi zinhlangano zombili zivuma lokhu okulinganiselwe, ubufakazi bokudluliselwa emoyeni base buqongelelene, futhi ososayensi abaningi nodokotela bezokwelapha babethi ukudluliselwa emoyeni kwakungeyona nje indlela yokudlulisela okungenzeka, kodwa cishe kwakuyindlelaokuveleleimodi.21Ngo-Agasti 2021, i-CDC yathi ukudluliswa kwe-delta SARS-CoV-2 variant kusondela ku-chickenpox, igciwane elidluliselwa emoyeni kakhulu.22Uhlobo lwe-omicron olwavela ngasekupheleni kuka-2021 lubonakala luyigciwane elisakazeka ngokushesha okukhulu, libonisa inani eliphezulu lokuzala kanye nesikhashana esifushane esilandelanayo.23
Ukwamukelwa kancane kancane nangokungahleliwe kobufakazi bokudluliswa kwe-SARS-CoV-2 emoyeni yizinhlangano ezinkulu zezempilo zomphakathi kube negalelo ekulawulweni okungekuhle kwalolu bhubhane, kanti izinzuzo zezinyathelo zokuvikela ekudlulisweni kwe-aerosol ziya ngokuya ziqina.24-26Ukwamukelwa ngokushesha kwalobu bufakazi bekungakhuthaza iziqondiso ezihlukanisa imithetho yangaphakathi nangaphandle, ukugxila okukhulu emisebenzini yangaphandle, ukunconywa kwangaphambi kwesikhathi kwamaski, ukugcizelela kakhulu ukulingana okungcono kwamaski nokuhlunga, kanye nemithetho yokugqoka imaski ngaphakathi ngisho nalapho ukuqhelelana komphakathi kungagcinwa, umoya opholile, kanye nokuhlunga. Ukwamukelwa kwangaphambi kwesikhathi bekungavumela ukugcizelelwa okukhulu kwalezi zinyathelo, futhi kunciphise isikhathi esiningi nemali echithwa ezindleleni ezifana nokuhlanza ubuso kanye nezithiyo ze-plexiglass ezisemaceleni, ezingasebenzi kahle ekudluliseleni emoyeni futhi, esimweni salokhu kokugcina, zingase zibe nemiphumela emibi.29,30
Kungani lezi zinhlangano zazihamba kancane kangaka, futhi kungani kwakukhona ukumelana okukhulu kangaka noshintsho? Iphepha langaphambilini lacabangela udaba lwemali yesayensi (izintshisekelo ezinikezwe) ngokombono wezenhlalo.31Ukugwema izindleko ezihambisana nezinyathelo ezidingekayo zokulawula ukudluliswa komoya, njengemishini yokuzivikela engcono (i-PPE) yabasebenzi bezempilo32kanye nokuthuthukiswa komoya wokungenisa umoya33kungenzeka ukuthi idlale indima. Abanye bachaze ukubambezeleka kokuqonda izingozi ezihlobene nemishini yokuphefumula ye-N9532okuye kwaphikiswana ngakho nokho34noma ngenxa yokuphathwa kabi kwezinqwaba eziphuthumayo okuholele ekushodeni ekuqaleni kwalesi sifo. Isib.35
Incazelo eyengeziwe enganikezwa yilezo zincwadi, kodwa evumelana ngokuphelele nokutholakele kwazo, ukuthi ukungabaza ukucabangela noma ukwamukela umqondo wokudluliselwa kwamagciwane emoyeni, ngokwengxenye, kwakungenxa yephutha lomqondo elafakwa eminyakeni engaphezu kwekhulu edlule futhi lagxila emikhakheni yezempilo yomphakathi kanye nokuvimbela ukutheleleka: imfundiso yokuthi ukudluliselwa kwezifo zokuphefumula kubangelwa amaconsi amakhulu, ngakho-ke, imizamo yokunciphisa amaconsi ingaba yanele. Lezi zikhungo nazo zibonise ukungabaza ukulungisa ngisho nalapho kunobufakazi, ngokuvumelana nemibono yezenhlalo neye-epistemological yokuthi abantu abalawula izikhungo bangamelana kanjani noshintsho, ikakhulukazi uma kubonakala kusongela isikhundla sabo; ukuthi ukucabanga kweqembu kungasebenza kanjani, ikakhulukazi lapho abantu bezivikela lapho bebhekene nenselele yangaphandle; nokuthi ukuvela kwesayensi kungenzeke kanjani ngokushintsha kwemibono, ngisho noma abavikeli bemibono yakudala benqaba ukwamukela ukuthi inkolelo ehlukile inokusekelwa okungcono kobufakazi obutholakalayo.36-38Ngakho-ke, ukuze siqonde ukuqhubeka kwaleli phutha, sifuna ukuhlola umlando walo, kanye nokudluliswa kwezifo emoyeni kabanzi, futhi siqokomise izitayela ezibalulekile ezaholela ekutheni inkolelo-mbono yamaconsi ibe yinto evelele.
Kuvela ku-https://www.safetyandquality.gov.au/sub-brand/covid-19-icon
Isikhathi sokuthunyelwe: Septhemba-27-2022