Umbuzo wokuthi ngabe i-SARS-CoV-2 isakazwa ikakhulukazi ngamaconsi noma ama-aerosols ibe nempikiswano enkulu.Besifuna ukuchaza le mpikiswano ngokuhlaziya umlando wocwaningo lokudlulisela kwezinye izifo.Emlandweni omningi wesintu, ipharadigm ebusayo yayiwukuthi izifo eziningi zazithwalwa umoya, ngokuvamile ngokuhamba amabanga amade nangendlela eyisimangaliso.Le paradigm ye-miasmatic yaphonselwa inselelo maphakathi nekhulu le-19 ngokukhuphuka kwethiyori yamagciwane, futhi njengezifo ezinjengekholera, i-puerperal fever, nomalaleveva kwatholakala ukuthi zisakazwa ngezinye izindlela.Egqugquzelwa imibono yakhe ngokubaluleka kokuthintana/ukutheleleka ngamaconsi, kanye nokumelana ahlangabezana nakho ethonyeni elisele lethiyori ye-miasma, isikhulu sezempilo yomphakathi esivelele uCharles Chapin ngo-1910 wasiza ukuqalisa ushintsho oluyimpumelelo lwe-paradigm, ebona kungenakwenzeka kakhulu ukudluliswa emoyeni.Le paradigm entsha yaba namandla.Nokho, ukuntuleka kokuqonda ama-aerosol kwaholela emaphutheni ahlelekile ekuchazeni ubufakazi bocwaningo emigwaqweni yokudlulisela.Emashumini amahlanu eminyaka alandelayo, ukudluliswa okuhamba ngomoya kwakubhekwa njengokunganakwa noma ukubaluleka okuncane kuzo zonke izifo ezinkulu zokuphefumula, kuze kube yilapho ukubonakaliswa kokudluliselwa emoyeni kwesifo sofuba (esakucatshangwa ngephutha ukuthi sisakazwa ngamaconsi) ngo-1962. ebusayo, futhi izifo ezimbalwa kuphela ezamukelwa kabanzi njengezomoya ngaphambi kwe-COVID-19: lezo ezazidluliselwa ngokucacile kubantu abangekho egumbini elilodwa.Ukusheshisa kocwaningo lwemikhakha eyahlukene olugqugquzelwe ubhubhane lwe-COVID-19 kukhombisile ukuthi ukudluliswa ngomoya kuyindlela enkulu yokudlulisela lesi sifo, futhi kungenzeka ukuthi kubaluleke kakhulu ezifweni eziningi ezithathelwanayo zokuphefumula.
Imithelela Engokoqobo
Kusukela ekuqaleni kwekhulu lama-20, kube nokuphikiswa kokwamukela ukuthi izifo zisakazwa emoyeni, okwakulimaza kakhulu ngesikhathi sodlame lwe-COVID-19.Isizathu esiyinhloko salokhu kuphikisa sisemlandweni wokuqonda ngokwesayensi ukudluliswa kwezifo: Ukudluliselwa emoyeni kwakucatshangwa ukuthi kuyikona okuvelele phakathi nomlando omningi wesintu, kodwa i-pendulum yashwibeka kakhulu ekuqaleni kwekhulu lama-20.Emashumini eminyaka, asikho isifo esibalulekile okwakucatshangwa ukuthi singenwa umoya.Ngokucacisa lo mlando kanye namaphutha asekelwe kuwo asaqhubeka, sithemba ukwenza lula inqubekelaphambili kulo mkhakha esikhathini esizayo.
Umqedazwe we-COVID-19 ugqugquzele impikiswano eshubile mayelana nezindlela zokudluliselwa kwegciwane le-SARS-CoV-2, okubandakanya ikakhulukazi izindlela ezintathu: Okokuqala, umthelela wamaconsi “afutha” emehlweni, emakhaleni, noma emlonyeni, awela phansi ngenye indlela. seduze nomuntu onegciwane.Okwesibili, ngokuthinta, ngokuthintana ngokuqondile nomuntu onaleli gciwane, noma ngokungaqondile ngokuthinta indawo engcolile (“fomite”) okulandelwa ukuzijova ngokuthinta ingaphakathi lamehlo, ikhala, noma umlomo.Okwesithathu, lapho ehogela ama-aerosol, amanye awo angahlala amahora amaningi alenga emoyeni (“ukudluliselwa emoyeni”).1,2
Izinhlangano zezempilo zomphakathi ezihlanganisa neWorld Health Organisation (WHO) ekuqaleni zamemezela ukuthi leli gciwane lisakazwa ngamaconsi amakhulu awela phansi eduze komuntu onaleli gciwane, kanye nangokuthinta indawo engcolile.I-WHO yamemezela ngokuqinile ngoMashi 28, 2020, ukuthi i-SARS-CoV-2 yayingekho emoyeni (ngaphandle kwesimo “sezinqubo zezokwelapha ezikhiqiza i-aerosol”) nokuthi “kwakuyimininingwane engamanga” ukusho okuhlukile.3Lesi seluleko singqubuzana nesososayensi abaningi abathi ukudluliswa kwezindiza okuhamba ngomoya kungenzeka kube nomthelela omkhulu.isib.4-9Ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, i-WHO kancane kancane yasithambisa lesi simo: okokuqala, ivuma ukuthi ukudluliswa ngendiza kwakungenzeka kodwa kungenzeki;10khona-ke, ngaphandle kwencazelo, ukukhuthaza indima yokungena komoya ngoNovemba 2020 ukulawula ukusabalala kwegciwane (okuwusizo kuphela ekulawuleni amagciwane ahamba emoyeni);11bese imemezela ngo-Ephreli 30, 2021, ukuthi ukudluliselwa kwe-SARS-CoV-2 ngama-aerosol kubalulekile (ngenkathi kungasebenzisi igama elithi "airborne").12Nakuba isikhulu esiphezulu se-WHO savuma engxoxweni nabezindaba yangaleso sikhathi ukuthi “isizathu sokuthi sikhuthaze umoya ukuthi leli gciwane lihambe emoyeni,” sathi futhi sakugwema ukusebenzisa igama elithi “indiza.”13Ekugcineni ngoZibandlela wezi-2021, i-WHO yabuyekeza ikhasi elilodwa kuwebhusayithi yayo ukuze isho ngokusobala ukuthi ukudluliswa kwendiza okufushane kanye nebanga elide kubalulekile, kanti futhi ikubeka kucace ukuthi “ukudluliselwa kwe-aerosol” kanye “nokudluliswa kwendiza” kuwumqondo ofanayo.14Kodwa-ke, ngaphandle kwalelo khasi lewebhu, incazelo yaleli gciwane ngokuthi “indiza emoyeni” iyaqhubeka nokungabi bikho nhlobo kwezokuxhumana zomphakathi ze-WHO kusukela ngoMashi 2022.
I-Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) e-United States ilandele indlela efanayo: okokuqala, isho ukubaluleka kokudluliselwa kwamaconsi;kwathi ngoSepthemba 2020, yathumela kafushane kuwebhusayithi yayo ukwamukelwa kokudluliswa kwezindiza okwehliswa ezinsukwini ezintathu kamuva;15futhi ekugcineni, ngoMeyi 7, 2021, sivuma ukuthi ukuhogela i-aerosol kubalulekile ekudluliseleni.16Kodwa-ke, i-CDC yayivame ukusebenzisa igama elithi “iconsi eliphefumulayo,” ngokuvamile elihlotshaniswa namaconsi amakhulu awela phansi ngokushesha,17ukubhekisela kuma-aerosols,18ukudala ukudideka okukhulu.19Ayikho inhlangano egqamise izinguquko ezingqungqutheleni zabezindaba noma imikhankaso emikhulu yezokuxhumana.20Ngesikhathi lezi zindlela zokungeniswa okulinganiselwe zenziwa yizo zombili izinhlangano, ubufakazi bokudluliswa kwezindiza base buqoqiwe, futhi ososayensi abaningi nodokotela bezokwelapha babethi ukudluliselwa ngomoya kwakungeyona nje indlela yokudlulisela okungenzeka, kodwa kungenzeka ukuthikakhuluimodi.21Ngo-Agasti 2021, i-CDC yathi ukudluliswa kwe-delta SARS-CoV-2 okuhlukile kusondele ku-chickenpox, igciwane elithathelwana kakhulu lomoya.22Ukwahluka kwe-omicron okwavela ngasekupheleni kuka-2021 kwabonakala kuyigciwane elisakazeka ngokushesha ngokumangalisayo, libonisa inani eliphezulu lokuzala kanye nesikhawu esifushane se-serial.23
Ukwamukelwa kancane kancane nangokungaqondile kobufakazi bokudluliselwa emoyeni kwe-SARS-CoV-2 yizinhlangano ezinkulu zezempilo zomphakathi kube nomthelela ekulawulweni kwalolu bhubhane, kanti izinzuzo zezinyathelo zokuvikela ekudluliselweni kwe-aerosol ziya ngokusobala.24-26Ukwamukela ngokushesha lobu bufakazi bekuzokhuthaza iziqondiso ezihlukanisa imithetho yangaphakathi nangaphandle, ukugxila kakhulu emisebenzini yangaphandle, izincomo zangaphambilini zamamaski, ukugcizelelwa kwangaphambi kwesikhathi kokulingana nesihlungi semaski, kanye nemithetho yokugqoka imaski endlini ngisho nalapho. ukuqhelelana komphakathi kungagcinwa, kungene umoya, futhi kuhlungwe.Ukwamukelwa kwangaphambi kwesikhathi bekuzovumela ukugcizelelwa okukhulu kulezi zinyathelo, futhi kunciphise isikhathi esiningi nemali echithwa ezinyathelweni ezinjengokubulala amagciwane endaweni kanye nezithiyo ze-plexiglass ezingemuva, ezingasebenzi kahle ekudluliseleni ngomoya futhi, esimweni sakamuva, zingase zingasebenzi.29,30
Kungani lezi zinhlangano zazihamba kancane kangaka, futhi kungani kwaba nokuphikiswa okungaka koshintsho?Iphepha langaphambilini licubungule udaba lwemali yesayensi (izithakazelo ezinikezwayo) ngokombono wezenhlalo yabantu.31Ukugwema izindleko ezihlobene nezinyathelo ezidingekayo zokulawula ukudluliswa kwezindiza, njengemishini engcono yokuzivikela yomuntu siqu (i-PPE) yabasebenzi bezempilo32kanye nokungenisa umoya okuthuthukisiwe33kungenzeka ukuthi udlale indima.Abanye bachaze ukubambezeleka ngokombono wezingozi ezihlobene nama-N95 respirators32okuke kwaphikiswana ngakho34noma ngenxa yokuphathwa kabi kwezitokwe eziphuthumayo okuholela ekushodeni ekuqaleni kwalolu bhubhane.isib.35
Incazelo eyengeziwe enganikezwa yilezo zincwadi, kodwa ehambisana ngokuphelele nalokho abakutholile, ukuthi ukungabaza ukucabangela noma ukwamukela umbono wokudluliswa kwamagciwane ngomoya, ngokwengxenye, kwakungenxa yephutha lomqondo elethulwa eminyakeni eyikhulu edlule. futhi yagxila emkhakheni wezempilo yomphakathi kanye nokuvimbela ukutheleleka: inkolelo yokuthi ukudluliswa kwezifo zokuphefumula kubangelwa amaconsi amakhulu, ngakho-ke, imizamo yokunciphisa amaconsi ingaba yinhle ngokwanele.Lezi zikhungo ziphinde zabonisa ukungabaza ukulungisa ngisho naphezu kobufakazi, ngokuhambisana nemibono yezenhlalo kanye ne-epistemological yokuthi abantu abalawula izikhungo bangamelana kanjani noshintsho, ikakhulukazi uma kubonakala kusongela isikhundla sabo;ukuthi i-groupthink ingasebenza kanjani, ikakhulukazi lapho abantu bezivikela lapho bebhekene nenselelo yabantu bangaphandle;nokuthi ukuziphendukela kwemvelo kwesayensi kungenzeka kanjani ngokushintsha kwe-paradigm, njengoba abavikeli be-paradigm endala benqaba ukwamukela ukuthi enye ithiyori inokusekelwa okungcono okuvela ebufakazini obukhona.36-38Ngakho-ke, ukuze siqonde ukuphikelela kwaleli phutha, sazama ukuhlola umlando walo, kanye nokudluliswa kwezifo ngomoya ngokujwayelekile, futhi sigqamisa izitayela eziyinhloko eziholele ekutheni ithiyori ye-droplet ibe yinto evelele.
Ivela ku-https://www.safetyandquality.gov.au/sub-brand/covid-19-icon
Isikhathi sokuthumela: Sep-27-2022