Kuyini Ukungcoliswa Komoya Wangaphakathi?

Ukungcoliswa komoya wangaphakathi kungukungcola komoya wangaphakathi okubangelwa ukungcola kanye nemithombo efana ne-Carbon Monoxide, i-Particulate Matter, i-Volatile Organic Compounds, i-Radon, i-Mold kanye ne-Ozone. Nakuba ukungcoliswa komoya wangaphandle sekudonse ukunaka kwezigidi zabantu, ikhwalithi yomoya embi kakhulu oyithola nsuku zonke ingase ivele emakhaya akho.

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Kuyini Ukungcoliswa Komoya Wangaphakathi?

Kukhona ukungcola okungaziwa okusizungezile. Nakuba ukungcola ngokuvamile kuyisici esibalulekile ngokombono wezemvelo kanye nempilo, njengamanzi noma umsindo, iningi lethu aliqapheli ukuthi ukungcola komoya wangaphakathi kuye kwabangela izingozi eziningana zempilo ezinganeni nakubantu abadala eminyakeni edlule. Eqinisweni, i-US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) iyibeka njengeenye yezingozi ezinhlanu eziphezulu zemvelo.

Sichitha cishe u-90% wesikhathi sethu singaphakathi endlini futhi kuyiqiniso eliqinisekisiwe ukuthi ukukhishwa kwemoya endlini nakho kungcolisa umoya. Lokhu kukhishwa kwemoya endlini kungaba kwemvelo noma okubangelwa abantu; kuvela emoyeni esiwuphefumulayo kuya ekujikelezeni kwemoya endlini futhi ngezinga elithile, ezintweni zefenisha. Lokhu kukhishwa kwemoya kubangela ukungcola komoya endlini.

Ukungcoliswa komoya wangaphakathi kungukungcola (noma ukungcola) komoya wangaphakathi okubangelwa ukungcola kanye nemithombo efana ne-Carbon Monoxide, i-Particulate Matter (PM 2.5), ama-Volatile Organic Compounds (ama-VOC), i-Radon, i-Mold kanye ne-Ozone.

Njalo ngonyaka,cishe izigidi ezine zokufa ngaphambi kwesikhathi zilotshwe emhlabeni wonke ngenxa yokungcola komoya ngaphakathikanti abaningi bahlushwa yizifo ezihlobene nakho, njenge-asthma, izifo zenhliziyo kanye nomdlavuza. Ukungcola komoya wasekhaya okubangelwa ukushiswa kwezinto ezingcolisiwe nezitofu zikaphethiloli eziqinile kukhipha izinto ezingcolisayo eziyingozi njenge-nitrogen Oxides, i-Carbon Monoxides kanye ne-Particulate Matter. Okwenza lokhu kube yinto ekhathazayo nakakhulu ukuthi ukungcola komoya okubangelwa ngaphakathi endlinikungaba nomthelela ekufeni kwabantu abangaba ngu-500,00 ngaphambi kwesikhathi okubangelwa ukungcola komoya wangaphandle minyaka yonke.

Ukungcoliswa komoya wangaphakathi kuhlobene kakhulu nokungalingani kanye nobumpofu. Indawo enempilo ibhekwa njengeilungelo labantu ngokomthethosisekeloNaphezu kwalokhu, kunabantu ababalelwa ezigidini ezintathu abasebenzisa imithombo yamafutha angcolile futhi bahlala kwamanye amazwe ampofu kakhulu emhlabeni njenge-Afrika, amazwe aseLatin America kanye nase-Asia. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ubuchwepheshe obukhona kanye namafutha asetshenziswa ngaphakathi endlini kakade abeka izingozi ezinkulu. Ukulimala okufana nokusha kanye nokugwinya uphethiloli konke kuhlobene namandla asekhaya asetshenziselwa ukukhanyisa, ukupheka nezinye izinjongo ezihlobene.

Kukhona futhi ukungalingani okukhona uma kukhulunywa ngalokhu kungcola okufihliwe. Abesifazane namantombazane baziwa ngokuthi bathinteka kakhulu ngenxa yokuthi bachitha isikhathi esiningi ngaphakathi endlini. Ngokusho kukaukuhlaziywa okwenziwe yi-World Health Organisation ngo-2016, amantombazane emindenini ethembele ezintweni zokubasa ezingahlanzekile alahlekelwa amahora angaba ngu-20 isonto ngalinye eqoqa izinkuni noma amanzi; lokhu kusho ukuthi asesimweni esibi, kokubili uma kuqhathaniswa nemindeni ethola izinto zokubasa ezihlanzekile, kanye nabesilisa abangontanga.

Ngakho-ke ukungcoliswa komoya ngaphakathi endlini kuhlobene kanjani nokushintsha kwesimo sezulu?

I-black carbon (eyaziwa nangokuthi i-soot) kanye ne-methane – igesi ebamba ukushisa enamandla kakhulu yi-carbon dioxide – ekhishwa ukushisa okungasebenzi kahle emakhaya yizinto ezingcolisayo ezinamandla ezibangela ushintsho lwesimo sezulu. Izinto zokupheka zasekhaya nezokushisa ziwumthombo ophezulu kakhulu we-black carbon ohilela ukusetshenziswa kwama-briquette amalahle, izitofu zokhuni kanye nezinto zokupheka zendabuko. Ngaphezu kwalokho, i-black carbon inomthelela wokufudumala onamandla kune-carbon dioxide; cishe inamandla ngokuphindwe ka-460 -1,500 kune-carbon dioxide ngeyunithi ngayinye yobunzima.

Ukushintsha kwesimo sezulu nakho kungathinta umoya esiwuphefumulayo ngaphakathi. Ukwenyuka kwamazinga e-carbon dioxide kanye nokwenyuka kwamazinga okushisa kungabangela ukugcwala kwe-allergen yangaphandle, okungangena ezindaweni zangaphakathi. Izehlakalo zesimo sezulu esibi kakhulu emashumini eminyaka amuva nje nazo zehlise ikhwalithi yomoya wangaphakathi ngokwandisa umswakama, okuholela ekwandeni kothuli, isikhunta kanye namagciwane.

Inkinga yokungcoliswa komoya ngaphakathi isiletha “eqophelweni lomoya ngaphakathi”. Ikhwalithi yomoya ngaphakathi (IAQ) ibhekisela eqophelweni lomoya ngaphakathi nasezindaweni ezizungezile izakhiwo, futhi ihlobene nempilo, induduzo kanye nenhlalakahle yabantu abahlala ezakhiweni. Ngamafuphi, ikhwalithi yomoya ngaphakathi inqunywa ukungcola ngaphakathi endlini. Ngakho-ke, ukubhekana nokuthuthukisa i-IAQ, ukubhekana nemithombo yokungcoliswa komoya ngaphakathi endlini.

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Izindlela Zokunciphisa Ukungcola Komoya Wangaphakathi

Okokuqala, ukungcola kwasekhaya kuyinto engancishiswa ngezinga elihle. Njengoba sonke sipheka emakhaya ethu, ukusebenzisa uphethiloli ohlanzekile njenge-biogas, i-ethanol kanye neminye imithombo yamandla avuselelekayo kungasithatha isinyathelo esiya phambili. Inzuzo eyengeziwe kulokhu, kungaba ukunciphisa ukuwohloka kwamahlathi kanye nokulahlekelwa izindawo zokuhlala - ukufaka esikhundleni se-biomass kanye neminye imithombo yezinkuni - okungaphinde kubhekane nenkinga ephuthumayo yokushintsha kwesimo sezulu emhlabeni jikelele.

NgokusebenzisaUbumbano Lwesimo Sezulu Nomoya Ohlanzekile, i-United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) nayo ithathe izinyathelo zokubeka phambili ukwamukelwa kwemithombo yamandla ahlanzekile kanye nobuchwepheshe obungathuthukisa ikhwalithi yomoya, kuncishiswe ukungcola komoya, futhi kubekwe phambili ukubaluleka kwezinzuzo zemvelo, zenhlalo kanye nezomnotho zalokhu. Lokhu kubambisana ngokuzithandela kohulumeni, izinhlangano, izikhungo zesayensi, amabhizinisi kanye nezinhlangano zomphakathi kusekelwe ezinhlelweni ezidalwe ukuxazulula ikhwalithi yomoya nokuvikela umhlaba ngokunciphisa ukungcola kwesimo sezulu okuphelelwa yisikhathi (ama-SLCP).

I-World Health Organization (WHO) iphinde iphakamise ukuqwashisa ngokungcoliswa komoya emakhaya emazingeni ezwe kanye nawesifunda ngokusebenzisa ama-workshop kanye nokubonisana okuqondile. Badale i-Ithuluzi Lezixazululo Zamandla Ahlanzekile Ekhaya (ISIFUBA), indawo yokugcina ulwazi nezinsiza zokuhlonza ababambiqhaza abasebenza ngezixazululo zamandla emindeni kanye nezinkinga zezempilo zomphakathi ukuze baklame, basebenzise futhi baqaphe izinqubo eziphathelene nokusetshenziswa kwamandla emindeni.

Ezingeni lomuntu ngamunye, kunezindlela esingaqinisekisa ngazo umoya ohlanzekile emakhaya ethu. Kuqinisekile ukuthi ukuqaphela kubalulekile. Iningi lethu kufanele lifunde futhi liqonde umthombo wokungcola okuvela emakhaya ethu, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi kuvela kuyinki, kumaphrinta, kumakhaphethi, ifenisha, izinto zokupheka, njll.

Hlola izihlanzi zomoya ozisebenzisayo ekhaya. Nakuba abaningi bethu bethanda ukugcina amakhaya ethu engenaphunga futhi amukelekile, ezinye zazo zingaba umthombo wokungcola. Ukuze kube ngokunembile, nciphisa ukusetshenziswa kwezihlanzi zomoya eziqukethe i-limonene;lokhu kungaba umthombo wama-VOC. Umoya wokungenisa umoya kubaluleke kakhulu. Ukuvula amafasitela ethu ngezikhathi ezifanele, ukusebenzisa izihlungi zomoya eziqinisekisiwe nezisebenzayo kanye namafeni okukhipha umoya kuyizinyathelo zokuqala ezilula ukuqala ngazo. Cabanga ngokwenza ukuhlolwa kwekhwalithi yomoya, ikakhulukazi emahhovisi nasezindaweni zokuhlala ezinkulu, ukuze uqonde imingcele ehlukene elawula ikhwalithi yomoya wangaphakathi. Futhi, ukuhlolwa njalo kwamapayipi ukuze kutholakale ukuvuza kanye nohlaka lwamafasitela ngemva kwemvula kungasiza ekuvimbeleni ukukhula komswakama kanye nesikhunta. Lokhu kusho nokugcina amazinga omswakama phakathi kuka-30%-50% ezindaweni ezingase ziqoqe umswakama.

Ikhwalithi yomoya wangaphakathi kanye nokungcola kuyimibono emibili enganakwa futhi evame ukunganakwa. Kodwa ngengqondo efanele kanye nendlela yokuphila enempilo, singahlala sizivumelanisa noshintsho, ngisho nasemakhaya ethu. Lokhu kungaholela emoyeni ohlanzekile kanye nezindawo eziphefumulayo kithi nasezinganeni, futhi, kuholele ekuphileni okuphephile.

Kusuka ku-earth.org.